Using redundancies to find errors

This paper explores the idea that redundant operations, like type errors, commonly flag correctness errors. We experimentally test this idea by writing and applying four redundancy checkers to the Linux operating system, finding many errors. We then use these errors to demonstrate that redundancies, even when harmless, strongly correlate with the presence of traditional hard errors (e.g., null pointer dereferences, unreleased locks). Finally we show that how flagging redundant operations gives a way to make specifications "fail stop" bydetecting dangerous omissions.