Exploring gender stereotypes about interpersonal behavior and personality factors using digital matched-guise techniques

We explored gender stereotypes among Swedish university students ( N = 101) who were studying a course in psychology, using a matched-guise experimental design. The gender identity of a speaker in a dialogue, manifested by voice, was digitally manipulated to sound male or female. Responses to the recordings indicated that a speaker with a male voice was rated as significantly less conscientious, agreeable, extraverted, and open to experience than was the same speaker with a female voice. Regarding social behavior, there was a tendency for the speaker with a male voice to be rated as more hostile than was the same speaker with a female voice. The study findings suggest that stereotype effects, rather than real behavioral differences, may have an impact on perceived gender differences.