Independence and dependence in central–local relations: Multilevel governance and state capacity in England since the 1970s

The authors draw on secondary analyses of central–local relations in England over recent decades to suggest that conflicting perspectives on what local government should be for—its role in the UK state—have resulted in an unstable and incoherent governance landscape, hampered strategic thinking, and made it more difficult for public bodies to address pressing challenges. Specifically, ministerial efforts to use local authorities primarily as a mechanism for achieving national policy priorities have created a context of local dependence and central control, which undermines local desires for greater independence and autonomy to shape places. These opposing views lead to mutual distrust and hinder attempts at greater vertical interdependence, despite broader recognition that more joined-up approaches can increase the capacity of the state to achieve its objectives. We suggest that recent reforms outlined in the English Devolution and Community Empowerment Bill (published in July 2025) will leave these tensions unresolved.