Independent-living senior housing (ILSH) is viewed as a promising housing alternative for promoting active aging, yet evidence remains limited on how spatial design and programming support social engagement. This study examined residents’ use of common spaces, evaluations of community programs, and perceived social opportunities in affordable ILSH. A three-site case study in Metro Boston used mixed methods, including a randomly sampled resident survey ( N = 152, aged 59–101, English- and Chinese-speaking), a staff Delphi survey ( N = 8), and participatory observations. Despite varying spatial conditions, centrally located shared spaces were used more frequently than specialized activity spaces. Residents rated programs positively, particularly gardening, holiday celebrations, music and dance, and technology support. Most residents (90%) reported strong opportunities for social interactions and low levels of loneliness. Findings highlight the importance of integrated design and management strategies anchoring common spaces to strengthen social connections and support community well-being in later life.
Jing Jing (2026) studied this question.