Five independent risk factors upon admission—respiratory rate >26/min, age <4 years, blood glucose >8.3 mmol/L, lymphocytes >40%, and ALT >40 U/L—were significantly associated with severe hand, foot and mouth disease.
Observational (n=571)
No
Five independent risk factors (RR>26/min, Age<4 yo, GLU>8.3 mmol/L, LYM>40%, and ALT>40 U/L) and their combinations can help identify severe cases of EV71-infected HFMD early.
p-value: p=<0.001
BACKGROUND: Epidemics of HFMD are elevated every year globally, especially in mainland China. The disease now presents as an increasing threat to public health worldwide. METHODS: Five hundred and seventy-one EV71-infected HFMD patients in Beijing You'an Hospital were grouped by disease severity: Mild (no severe complication) (n=221), and Severe group (complicated with brainstem encephalitis (BE), and/or pulmonary edema (PE) (n=350)). Clinical and laboratory findings and levels of 7 serum cytokines were analyzed. RESULTS: Univariate analysis showed that (RR)>26/min (p8.3 mmol/L (p=0.008), CL1.2 × 10(9)/L (p=0.040) were associated with severe cases. Results of multivariate analysis indicated five independent risk factors (RR>26/min (p8.3 mmol/L (p=0.011), LYM>40% (p=0.010), and ALT>40 U/L (p=0.045)). In addition to single-factor analysis, we further analyzed the use of different combinations of risk factors. "GLU>8.3 and CL26" (confidence ration (CR)=100%) is the top indicator, followed by "ALT>40 and LYM>40% and RR>26 and Age<4 yo" (CR=92.9%). Serum levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IFNγ, GM-CSF, and TNFα were higher in severe cases than in mild cases. A new evaluation scoring system by scoring each risk factor 1 and independent risk factor 2 was developed for early identification of severe HFMD cases. CONCLUSIONS: Five independent risk factors, along with indicative combinations of risk factors, for severe cases were identified, and a scoring system was created to facilitate the use of indicators for early medical intervention.
Li et al. (2014) conducted an observational in Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) (n=571). Clinical and laboratory risk factors (e.g., respiratory rate >26/min, age <4 years, blood glucose >8.3 mmol/L) vs. Patients without these risk factors (mild cases) was evaluated on Severe HFMD (complicated with brainstem encephalitis and/or pulmonary edema) (p=<0.001). Five independent risk factors upon admission—respiratory rate >26/min, age <4 years, blood glucose >8.3 mmol/L, lymphocytes >40%, and ALT >40 U/L—were significantly associated with severe hand, foot and mouth disease.