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A small-molecular acceptor, tetraphenylpyrazine-perylenediimide tetramer (TPPz-PDI4), which has a reduced extent of intramolecular twisting compared to two other small-molecular acceptors is designed. Benefiting from the lowest extent of intramolecular twisting, TPPz-PDI4 exhibits the highest aggregation tendency and electron mobility, and therefore achieves a highest power conversion efficiency of 7.1%.
Lin et al. (2016) studied this question.