Geometric and Metric Analysis of the Pyrand of Khufu

This paper presents a comprehensive geometric and metrological analysis of the Pyramid of Khufu, aiming to clarify the mathematical principles, design logic, and technical knowledge employed by its builders. Through a combination of precise measurement review, geometric reconstruction, and comparative evaluation of proportional systems, the study investigates how the pyramid’s architecture reflects intentional design choices rather than accidental or emergent forms. The work examines the relationships between base dimensions, height, slope, and internal structures, situating these within broader Old Kingdom engineering practice. Particular attention is given to the role of canonical units, geometric ratios, and potential astronomical or directional considerations that may have influenced the pyramid’s layout. By integrating archaeological data with geometric modelling, the paper offers new insights into the intellectual framework of ancient Egyptian architects and the degree of mathematical sophistication evident in the pyramid’s construction. The analysis contributes to ongoing debates concerning Egyptian metrology, architectural planning, and the transmission of technical knowledge in the Bronze Age. It provides a falsifiable, methodologically transparent foundation for future research into pyramid design and ancient measurement systems.