This study critically examines the roles of women in Indian civilization from the sixth century B.C. to the 11th century A.D., using a multidisciplinary approach that integrates archaeological findings- such as burials, art, and inscriptions— with literary sources including religious scriptures, chronicles, and foreign accounts. The analysis moves beyond conventional binaries of oppression and empowerment, offering a nuanced view of women lived experiences across diverse historical periods. Using feminist historiography and environmental feminist frameworks, the paper explores how women’s ecological knowledge and leadership have persisted from ancient societies to contemporary movements Chipko movement and Narmada Bachao Andolan. It highlights the dynamic evolution of women’s roles from spiritual prominence in the Indus Valley and political agency in medieval courts to resistance in modern environmental justice movements. The study shows that women’s contributions were neither peripheral nor static but continually shaped by regional, ecological, and socio-political contexts. This work contributes to gender studies by recovering marginalised voices and linking historical inquiry with present-day concerns of gender equality and sustainable development.
Fatima et al. (Sat,) studied this question.