August 10, 2025

Legal Liability of AI Systems: Who is Accountable?

Key Points

Determining accountability in artificial intelligence is crucial as AI applications expand across sectors like healthcare and transportation.
The paper highlights the need for updated legal frameworks as AI systems increasingly replicate cognitive functions traditionally associated with humans.
Analysis includes the risks of AI causing harm or violating legal norms, making the clarification of legal liability essential.
Recommendations aim to address emerging challenges in AI accountability, focusing on ethical and legal implications in various applications.

Abstract

Artificial intelligence is the ability of a machine to think and act like humans or replicate” cognitive” functions that humans associate with other human minds, such as “learning and “problem solving”. As Artificial Intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly integrated into sectors ranging from healthcare and finance to transportation and legal systems, questions of legal accountability become critical. AI is helping in medical diagnosis, managing health records, designing treatments, managing medication and drug creation. AI refers to the capacity of machines to perform cognitive tasks like thinking, perceiving, learning, problem solving and decision making initially conceived as technology that could mimic human intelligence. When AI systems cause harm or violate legal norms, it becomes essential to determine who is responsible. This paper explores the legal liabilities surrounding AI, evaluates current legal frameworks, and proposes recommendations for addressing these emerging challenges.

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