Current and Emerging Control Approaches of Biofilm Formation of Bacterial Pathogens

Biofilm is a recent prime driver that is challenging prospects for one health strategy. It is a major virulence characteristic linked to numerous significant global health issues and plays an integral role in multiple microbes' pathogenicity. One of the most common obstacles to biofilm formation is its profound relationship with chronic and recurrent infections. They also serve as genetic reservoirs and enhance environmental persistence. The ability of several bacterial species to adhere to numerous living or non-living surfaces and enclose themselves in a biofilm structure is closely linked to their ability to survive for extended periods outside of the host. The creation of biofilms increases resistance to the immune system, various physical stresses, and multiple chemicals, including disinfectants and antimicrobials. Moreover, biofilm production is frequently linked to significant financial losses and treatment failure. Likewise, a beneficial association between biofilms and escalating antibiotic resistance, which is linked to unsuccessful therapies and the rising fatality rates in the community, was observed. Therefore, several approaches, including bacteriophages, plant extracts, essential oils, enzymes, and nanoparticles, are among the most promising bioactive protocols exhibited auspicious efficacy with potent delivery platforms targeting sustained futures of a wide range of biofilm microbial infections