This paper analyzes models of goods delivery to city centers, with a specific focus on the city of Rijeka. Urban areas are increasingly facing problems such as traffic congestion, lack of delivery space, and negative environmental impacts. The aim of the research is to examine existing delivery models and propose sustainable solutions that include consolidation centers, alternative fuel vehicles, and smart technologies. The paper presents three main delivery models: using consolidation centers, environmentally friendly vehicles, and modular BentoBox systems. Based on traffic data analysis and surveys with carriers and business entities, it was found that most deliveries are carried out by large diesel vehicles, which often face difficulties due to the lack of designated unloading zones. Building on these findings, several improvement scenarios were developed, including the introduction of one or two consolidation centers and the use of eco-friendly vehicles. The results indicate that the proposed models have the potential to reduce the number of large freight vehicles in the city center, ease traffic congestion, and lower emissions. However, quantitative confirmation of these effects will require the development and application of simulation models. This study therefore serves as a foundation for such future research.
Jardas et al. (Wed,) studied this question.