The Historical Origin of Mongolian Medicine: A Comprehensive Exploration

Introduction: Mongolian medicine is a comprehensive medical system that has evolved through the long-term practices and experiences of the Mongolian ethnic groups. Rooted in the traditions of numerous nomadic tribes on the ancient Mongolian Plateau, it represents a unique integration of medical knowledge, cultural heritage, and a deep understanding of the harmonious relationship between humans and nature. Historically, Mongolian medicine has played a pivotal role in treating illnesses, preserving lives, and promoting the well-being of the Mongolian people, and its development has also been influenced by other medical systems, such as Tibetan Medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine. Method: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, CNKI, and Google Scholar using keywords like "Mongolian medicine" and related terms in multiple languages. Historical timelines and comparative analysis were employed, alongside multidisciplinary insights into nomadic culture and institutional roles. Results: Mongolian medicine, rooted in ancient nomadic practices, evolved through interactions with Tibetan, Chinese, and Arab medicine, particularly during the Mongol-Yuan Empire. It was systematized in the Ming-Qing dynasties with texts like Fourfold Nectar and institutions like Manba Dasi. Historically, it integrated Tibetan and Islamic medicine while influencing Chinese medicine. Treatments in Mongolian medicine include herbal medicine, non-drug therapies, and dietary practices. Discussion: Mongolian medicine, shaped by nomadic traditions and enriched with exchanges from Tibetan, Chinese, and Arab medicine, became a unique integrative system. Its systematization in the Ming-Qing dynasties via texts like Fourfold Nectar and institutions such as Manba Dasi, reflects its institutional development. Blending diverse influences while contributing to Chinese medicine, it employs herbal, non-drug, and dietary therapies, showcasing a holistic approach to health. Conclusion: This review provides, for the first time, a comprehensive summary and discussion of the historical evolution of Mongolian medicine, highlighting its key principles, practices, and contributions to healthcare. Furthermore, it explores the current challenges and opportunities facing Mongolian medicine in the modern era, including the need for scientific validation, preservation of traditional knowledge, and integration with contemporary medical practices.