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This is a Experimental study (also classified as: Molecular Dynamics, Observational).

September 10, 2025Open Access

Complexation and Thermal Stabilization of Protein–Polyelectrolyte Systems via Experiments and Molecular Simulations: The Poly(Acrylic Acid)/Lysozyme Case

STSokratis N. TegopoulosNational Technical University of Athens SESisem Ektirici VHVagelis HarmandarisUniversity of Crete

Key Points

Electrostatic complexation results in nanoparticles with radii between 100 and 200 nm.
Thermal treatment maintains complex stability, especially under strong electrostatic repulsion at pH 12.
Combined experimental and simulation approaches uncover the mechanisms of protein-polyelectrolyte interactions.
Altered hydration and polymer chain associations significantly contribute to the stability of complexes.

Abstract

Protein–polyelectrolyte nanostructures assembled via electrostatic interactions offer versatile applications in biomedicine, tissue engineering, and food science. However, several open questions remain regarding their intermolecular interactions and the influence of external conditions—such as temperature and pH—on their assembly, stability, and responsiveness. This study explores the formation and stability of networks between poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and lysozyme (LYZ) at the nanoscale upon thermal treatment, using a combination of experimental and simulation measures. Experimental techniques of static and dynamic light scattering (SLS and DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and circular dichroism (CD) are combined with all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. Model systems consisting of multiple PAA and LYZ molecules explore collective assembly and complexation in aqueous solution. Experimental results indicate that electrostatic complexation occurs between PAA and LYZ at pH values below LYZ’s isoelectric point. This leads to the formation of nanoparticles (NPs) with radii ranging from 100 to 200 nm, most pronounced at a PAA/LYZ mass ratio of 0.1. These complexes disassemble at pH 12, where both LYZ and PAA are negatively charged. However, when complexes are thermally treated (TT), they remain stable, which is consistent with earlier findings. Atomistic simulations demonstrate that thermal treatment induces partially reversible structural changes, revealing key microscopic features involved in the stabilization of the formed network. Although electrostatic interactions dominate under all pH and temperature conditions, thermally induced conformational changes reorganize the binding pattern, resulting in an increased number of contacts between LYZ and PAA upon thermal treatment. The altered hydration associated with conformational rearrangements emerges as a key contributor to the stability of the thermally treated complexes, particularly under conditions of strong electrostatic repulsion at pH 12. Moreover, enhanced polymer chain associations within the network are observed, which play a crucial role in complex stabilization. These insights contribute to the rational design of protein–polyelectrolyte materials, revealing the origins of association under thermally induced structural rearrangements.

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