Indian Knowledge System and Fundamental Rights with reference to the development of Article 21 of the Constitution

The Indian knowledge system finds reflection in the Fundamental Rights of the Constitution, particularly in the way these rights protect the pluralistic, indigenous, and spiritual values inherent in Indian heritage. Fundamental Rights (Articles 12–35) act as the “conscience of the Constitution” and safeguard civil liberties such as equality, freedom, and the protection of cultural rights. They enable individuals and communities to preserve their unique identities, traditions, and practices, aligning with India’s historical freedom of thought, religion, and communal self-governance. These articles embody the spirit of India's diverse knowledge traditions and the constitutional commitment to preserve such traditions within the framework of individual and collective rights.