Predictive Factors of Malnutrition Among Pregnant Women in Cape Coast Teaching Hospital

Maternal malnutrition remains a critical public health concern in many low- and middle-income countries, including Ghana, where it contributes to adverse pregnancy outcomes such as anemia, low birth weight, preterm delivery, and increased maternal mortality. This study investigated the predictive factors of malnutrition among pregnant women attending antenatal care at the Cape Coast Teaching Hospital (CCTH). Guided by the Social Determinants of Health (SDH) framework, the research examined the influence of socio-cultural norms, economic determinants, and healthcare accessibility and quality on maternal nutritional status. A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed, involving 100 pregnant women selected purposively from an estimated population of 245 attending antenatal care at CCTH in 2024. Data were collected using structured questionnaires covering socio-demographic characteristics, socio-cultural beliefs, economic challenges, and healthcare service access. Descriptive and inferential statistics were conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Findings revealed that economic constraints were the most significant predictors of malnutrition. Financial limitations, high food costs, and unstable employment reduced women’s ability to afford nutrient-rich foods, despite awareness of recommended dietary practices. Socio-cultural factors such as food taboos and family influences persisted but had a moderate effect compared to economic barriers. Notably, many women reported adhering to balanced dietary advice from healthcare professionals, reflecting the growing impact of health education in urban settings. Healthcare accessibility was relatively high, with most respondents attending regular prenatal visits; however, gaps in the adequacy and consistency of nutritional counseling limited its effectiveness in mitigating cultural and financial barriers. The study concludes that malnutrition among pregnant women in Cape Coast is shaped by a complex interplay of economic hardship, cultural practices, and healthcare service quality. Integrated interventions, including targeted financial support, culturally sensitive nutrition education, and strengthened prenatal counseling, are recommended to improve maternal and child health outcomes.