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September 30, 2025

Moisture-Stable Intermediate Phase Manipulation for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells Fabricated in Ambient Air

LYLuyao YanShanghai Jiao Tong University HHHao HuangSouthwest University of Science and Technology PCPeng CuiNorth China Electric Power University

Key Points

The developed PSCs achieve a power conversion efficiency of 26.5%, with 98% retained after extensive aging under air conditions.
Using acetimidamidal acetate, the study stabilizes δ-FAPbI3 in the wet-film stage, effectively resisting moisture invasion.
The formation process of pure α-FAPbI3 from δ-FAPbI3 is facilitated through the addition of MACl in ambient air.
Key findings indicate that maintaining moisture stability during fabrication significantly boosts PSC performance and longevity.

Abstract

Fabricating high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in ambient air can facilitate their low-cost industrialization. However, the metastable wet-film stage before annealing during the film deposition process is susceptible to moisture invasion, making it difficult to form black-phase formamidinium lead iodide (α-FAPbI3) perovskites in ambient air. Herein, we construct a moisture-stable intermediate phase dominated by δ-FAPbI3 in the metastable wet-film stage using acetimidamidal acetate (AceAc). AceAc can induce the formation of δ-FAPbI3 to resist the invasion of moisture on a wet film, further transforming the formed δ-FAPbI3 into pure α-FAPbI3 in the presence of MACl. The resulting PSCs fabricated in ambient air achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 26.5% (certified at 25.9%) and maintain 98% of the initial PCE after 11000 h of aging under air conditions (25% relative humidity (RH) and 25 °C).

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