Protecting the Health of Black Communities: Assessing the Impact of Environmental Hazards from Gold Mining Activities on Health Outcomes among Residents of Osun State, Nigeria. (Preprint)

BACKGROUND Gold mining activities in Osun State, Nigeria, have led to significant environmental changes that may pose health risks to both miners and non-miners in the surrounding communities. Given the growing concern about the health implications of exposure to environmental hazards associated with mining, it is crucial to assess these impacts to develop targeted health and environmental interventions. OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate the relationships between exposure to environmental hazards resulting from gold mining activities and the prevalence of associated health problems among miners and non-miners in Osun State, Nigeria. The study uses quantitative data analysis to identify key risk factors influencing health outcomes and inform appropriate public health strategies and policy actions. METHODS A cross-sectional study design was employed, involving the collection of quantitative data from both miners and non-miners in Osun State. A structured questionnaire was used to assess exposure to environmental hazards, including polluted water sources, noise, ground vibrations, and dust inhalation. Health outcomes such as joint pain, malaria, and general weakness were also recorded. The data were analyzed using statistical techniques, including correlation and regression analysis, to identify significant relationships between exposure and health outcomes. Demographic variables such as age and duration of residence were included to evaluate their influence on vulnerability to environmental risks. RESULTS The findings reveal that environmental hazards such as drinking from polluted water bodies (R = 0.172, p = 0.003), exposure to noise and ground vibrations (R = 0.220, p = 0.000), and inhalation of dust (R = 0.288, p = 0.000) are significantly correlated with various health issues, including joint pain (77.3%), malaria (73.0%), and general weakness (69.0%). The presence of particles in surrounding water bodies (R = 0.354, p = 0.000) was the strongest predictor of health problems. Key demographic factors, such as age and duration of residence, further influence vulnerability to these environmental risks. CONCLUSIONS The study concludes that multiple environmental hazards associated with gold mining activities significantly impact the health of both miners and non-miners in Osun State, Nigeria. Although some correlations are moderate to weak, their significance underscores the cumulative risk posed by different environmental exposures. Urgent interventions are needed to address water quality, reduce particulate matter, and enhance safety regulations in mining operations to protect public health. The study recommends implementing stringent regulations for mining operations, including monitoring and controlling water and air quality. Community awareness programs should be launched to educate residents about the risks associated with exposure to mining-related hazards. Additionally, providing alternative safe water sources, establishing better ventilation practices in mines, and enforcing occupational safety standards can help mitigate the identified health risks. This study highlights the critical health risks posed by environmental hazards associated with gold mining activities in Osun State, Nigeria. By identifying key risk factors such as water and air pollution, noise, and unsafe mining practices, the study provides essential insights for developing targeted interventions to protect public health. The findings emphasize the need for a coordinated approach involving policy enforcement, community education, and sustainable mining practices to mitigate the adverse health effects on both miners and non-miners in the affected communities.