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This study delves into the critical role of leadership performance in higher education institutions, recognizing its multifaceted importance in shaping organizational effectiveness and success. Drawing upon the Transformational Leadership Theory, the study aims to explore the direct and indirect relationships between organizational culture, leader engagement, leader's self-efficacy, and leadership performance, with a focus on open online flexible distance learning higher education institutions. Employing a survey-based approach, data was collected from a sample of 342 participants using purposive sampling. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was utilized for data analysis, with Smartpls4 software employed for its proficiency in handling multivariate data analysis. Results indicate significant direct and indirect relationships between leader engagement, self-efficacy, organizational culture, and leadership performance. Leader engagement positively influences leadership performance, with self-efficacy mediating this relationship. Organizational culture significantly influences both leader self-efficacy and leadership performance, with self-efficacy partially mediating the relationship between culture and performance. Theoretical implications underscore the significance of transformational leadership theory in understanding leadership dynamics in distance learning environments. Practical implications highlight the importance of fostering a positive organizational culture, enhancing leader engagement, and promoting transparency and communication for effective leadership. Contextual implications emphasize the need for adaptable leadership approaches in online learning settings. Suggestions for future research include exploring specific leadership styles, conducting longitudinal studies on leadership development interventions, investigating the influence of external factors on leadership dynamics, and conducting comparative studies on cross-cultural variations in leadership practices. Overall, the study offers valuable insights for policymakers, institutions, and employees in enhancing leadership effectiveness and organizational performance in open online flexible distance learning higher education institutions.
Osman et al. (Tue,) studied this question.