Ss14-02 the State of the Art on the Effects and the Biological Monitoring of Nanomaterials in Exposed Workers

Abstract Introduction The widespread production and application of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) and the consequent increasing occupational exposure make understanding ENM effects an occupational health priority. However, the great ENM variability, the low levels of exposure, the limited number of workers, and the still fragmented data on effects and biomarkers prevent the extrapolation of definite conclusions. Materials and Methods Epidemiological investigations addressing the possible adverse effects caused by the occupational exposure to ENMs and biological monitoring results have been reviewed. Results Retrieved studies were primarily performed on workers (from few to 300 exposed individuals) employed in ENM research labs or in factories manufacturing and/or applicating metal, metal oxide or carbon-based ENMs. Limited evidence of adverse effects was available in terms of changes in respiratory functionality or symptoms. However, increased levels of biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress and, those of respiratory, cardiovascular, haematological and immunological alterations in urine, blood and exhaled breath condensate of exposed workers, although with some conflicting results, support the possible adverse impact of ENMs on human health. Additionally, epigenetic modifications have been reported in exposed workers, although implications for adverse health outcomes are still not clear. Conclusions Future investigations aimed to clarify the health effects of ENMs and appropriate biomarkers should include a longitudinal design, a greater number of workers, a deeper characterization of ENMs, and a suitable evaluation of the exposure. Overall, this may be helpful to implement adequate ENM risk assessment and management strategies.