What Comparisons Can Do for Normative Theory

Abstract This essay defends the use of empirical comparative analysis in the development of normative inquiry. In it, Juan Espíndola argues that comparisons between two or more carefully crafted cases can help us appreciate the relevant contextual considerations that must be factored into normative analysis. In the social sciences, comparisons are used to control whether a generalization holds across cases, for explanatory purposes. Comparisons have a controlling function . With respect to normative endeavors, Espíndola contends, comparisons can play a similar function. They can serve as a heuristic device to help us appreciate differences in what people value; in this sense, they also play an epistemic function , which can help us refine normative theories, especially if their ambition is to offer action‐guiding prescriptions.