Native American use of cetaceans in pre-contact Oregon: Biomolecular and taphonomic analyses illuminate human–cetacean relationships

This study characterizes how Native Americans living on the Oregon coast used whales and small cetaceans prior to European contact. We present an original analysis of a large subsample (NISP = 1177) of archaeological cetacean remains from the Palmrose (35CLT47) site, and new identifications from the previously analyzed Par-Tee (35CLT20; NISP = 31) and Tahkenitch Landing (35DO130; NISP = 33) sites. Using zooarchaeological and biomolecular analyses we report species presence and modification patterns to characterize use. Gray (Eschrichtius robustus) and humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) were the most commonly identified whale species and likely preferred source of food, oil, bone for tool manufacture, and possibly sinew. Dolphins and porpoises, especially harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), were a source of food and possibly bone for tool manufacture. While site inhabitants may have engaged in opportunistic hunting, the presence of species such as blue (Balaenoptera musculus) and Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris) suggests collection of beached animals was also an important acquisition strategy. Our study demonstrates the value of: (1) biomolecular analyses for improved species identifications and understanding of species richness; and (2) thorough zooarchaeological analyses to fully understand dietary and cultural contributions of cetaceans to pre-contact lifeways on the Oregon coast.