Role and approaches of agricultural extension in climate resilient agriculture

Climate change undeniably the biggest environmental risk whose impact is serious to combat hunger, malnutrition, disease and poverty worldwide. Climate-resilient crops are crucial for adapting to climate change, benefiting farmers by enhancing production, productivity, income, and mitigating threats of crop failure through improved soil health and temperature tolerance. The ICAR's 'National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture' (NICRA) initiative strives to enhance climate resilience in the nation's vulnerable regions. Extension agents, through awareness and support, play a crucial role in helping farmers tackle diverse implications of global climate change. Small-scale producers embraced climate-resilient crops to combat abiotic stresses like drought, heat, flooding, and salinity. Analysis revealed that the primary drivers of adoption were the quality of extension services, education levels of household heads, access to inputs (especially seeds and fertilizers), and the socio-economic status of farming families. The significance of extension services in aiding smallholder farmers in overcoming agricultural challenges is paramount. Limited studies explore the development of capacities in agricultural extension agents to more effectively assist smallholders in managing climate risks. Climate change poses a critical threat to smallholder food production, necessitating increased attention. Consequently, agriculture must transition to a