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Integrating Distributed Generation (DG) sources and Electric Vehicles (EVs) into radial distribution systems (RDS) is a promising approach to enhancing power system efficiency and reliability. This trend is driven by the deregulation of the electric power sector and technical constraints in extending distribution and transmission networks to some areas. By carefully selecting the optimal location and sizing for DG sources and electric vehicles (EVs), it is possible to minimize system losses, improve voltage profiles, and enhance overall reliability. This study suggests the integration of multiple DGs and EV s into the system and how the PLoss get affected along with voltage profiles. However, the PLoss increase if the number of DGs exceeds their optimal level. This study integrates 3 DGs and 3 EVs into the RDS separately. The location of the DGs and EVs are obtained with the help of the voltage stability index, and sizes were obtained using the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA). It is implemented into the IEEE 33 test system to verify its robustness and effectiveness. The results show a loss reduction of 41.96%, 57.52%, and 64.73% for the IEEE bus system with the integration of one, two and three DGs, respectively and a slight increase in power loss concerning EV integration as the system load increases. In addition, the voltage stability index is improved significantly for DGs but was affected in the case of EVs.
Zangmo et al. (Fri,) studied this question.