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A Measurement, Monitoring and Verification (MMV) plan is a requirement for subsurface CO2 injection and storage, and developing an appropriate plan requires holistic assessment. A complete MMV plan must take into account the features of the structure, including geology and mineralogy. It must consider how the CO2 will be introduced to the storage space, the potential for plume movement within the containment area, and a well-defined approach to monitoring over time. The plan also must address risk management, including the potential impact if containment is compromised, how it will be controlled, and the extent to which control measures will be effective. This study explains how experts developed an MMV plan to manage CO2 produced as associated gas from hydrocarbon production. The project design includes a plan for transporting CO2 in dense phase from an onshore facility to offshore platforms for injection into depleted reservoirs. The study details the development of a site-specific MMV plan that considers geological features, identifies operational challenges, and anticipates conditions that could develop over 15 years of CO2 injection. Identified site specific risks are directly tied to the selection of suitable monitoring technologies.
Filippo et al. (Mon,) studied this question.