Association between urinary cobalt exposure and kidney stones in U.S. adult population: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Purpose Heavy metal exposure can cause impaired or reduced pathology in the kidneys, lungs, liver, and other vital organs. However, the relationship between heavy metal exposure and kidney stones has not been determined. The goal of this research was to determine the association between heavy metal exposure and kidney stones in a population of American adults in general.