Wondering, Intervening, Being Enmeshed: Eco‐Theology in Light of Ecology 1, Ecology 2, and Ecology 3

ABSTRACT This article presents the distinction between Ecology 1, Ecology 2, and Ecology 3 by articulating typical human ways of relating to the more‐than‐human world. The first ecology views nature as a non‐human alterity, perceived as wild and dangerous but also as majestic and potentially enchanted. The second ecology turns to humanly cultivated nature such as agricultural landscapes, gardens, and cities, all using technological interventions. The third ecology acknowledges that humanity is deeply enmeshed or mixed up with the all‐encompassing world of creation, including the biosphere and the abiotic realms of nature. It is argued that a distinction between the three ecologies unfolds significant repertoires for contemporary eco‐theology and ethics. Examples show how the three ecologies have been operative in theological traditions in ways that address different aspects of the human sense of cosmic connectedness.