Ensuring transparency, integrity, and security across the vaccine supply chain is essential to prevent counterfeiting, unauthorized data manipulation, and logistical inefficiencies that can adversely affect public health systems. Traditional vaccine supply chain management systems primarily rely on centralized databases, which are susceptible to tampering, single points of failure, and limited real-time visibility for participating stakeholders. These limitations reduce trust among manufacturers, distributors, healthcare providers, and regulatory authorities and increase the risk of counterfeit or compromised vaccines entering the distribution network. This research presents a blockchain-based vaccine supply chain management model developed using Hyperledger Fabric, a permissioned blockchain framework specifically designed for enterprise and healthcare-oriented applications. The proposed system integrates chaincode-driven automation to enforce predefined business rules, SHA3-256 cryptographic hashing to ensure data immutability, and PBFT-based consensus mechanisms to validate transactions reliably in a distributed environment. Role-based authentication is implemented to ensure that only authorized participants can access and update the system, enabling secure and controlled data sharing among all stakeholders involved in the vaccine lifecycle. In addition, a middleware layer developed using the Go programming language and the Gorilla Mux framework facilitates seamless and secure communication between client applications and the blockchain network through RESTful APIs. The proposed architecture enables immutable record-keeping, efficient end-to-end traceability of vaccine batches, and stringent verification of transactions across all stages of the supply chain, including manufacturing, distribution, and administration. Experimental testing conducted through API calls and Postman validates the system’s ability to automate operational workflows while effectively preventing unauthorized data modifications. The results demonstrate improved operational reliability, enhanced data integrity, reduced risk of counterfeit vaccines, and increased transparency and trust among stakeholders. This study highlights how permissioned blockchain networks such as Hyperledger Fabric can modernize vaccine logistics and contribute to safer, more transparent, and reliable public health supply chain systems.
Suseela et al. (Mon,) studied this question.