Controlling activelayer morphology during drying is pivotal for the simultaneous realization of high efficiency and durability in Yseries organic solar cells (OSCs). Here, we uncover how the physical state of in situ removable (ISR) isomeric additives, oDF (liquid), mDF (quasisolid), and pDF (solid), governs film formation, molecular ordering, and device stability in binary OSCs. Among them, quasisolid mDF functions as a coldsublimating transient structuring agent: it widens earlystage solvent removal window yet accelerates intermediate crystallization, tightens π–π stacking, enlarges coherence length, and programs a favorable vertical phase separation, as resolved by in situ UV–vis, GIWAXS, and depthprofiled spectroscopy. mDF interacts most strongly with L8-BO while fully evaporating from the film, minimizing nonradiative losses and avoiding the adverse impact of residual additives on device stability. Consequently, PM6:L8BO devices reach 19.28% PCE with improved carrier mobility and suppressed trapassisted recombination; applying mDF to D18:L8BO yields 20.08%. Under 1sun illumination at 70 °C, mDF extends operational stability to T80 = 477 h, outperforming oDF (58 h), pDF (279 h), and additivefree control (103 h). These results establish physicalstateprogrammed ISR additives as a general route to cooptimize efficiency and stability in OSCs and provide mechanistic guidance for scalable, residuefree morphology control.
Zhang et al. (Thu,) studied this question.