Nature-based green infrastructure has become an effective solution for cities to control and manage stormwater runoff. However, optimizing the configuration of green infrastructure to maximize runoff reduction at minimal cost, especially under resource constraints, remains a critical challenge. Therefore, this study proposes a multi-objective linkage framework for the optimal configuration of low impact development (LID) measures in the central urban area of Zhoukou City. The framework combines 1D-2D coupled MIKE + comprehensive flood numerical simulations with life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) to systematically evaluate the hydrological performance and cost-effectiveness of various LID configurations. The NSGA-II algorithm is utilized to identify optimal configuration strategies in complex urban environments. The study simulated 5 design rainfall scenarios and 25 LID facility combinations, with return periods ranging from 5 to 100 years. The results indicate that the combination of 11.8% rain garden + 0.21% permeable pavement + 15% green roof is the best configuration for achieving optimal runoff control at minimal cost. This study provides significant technical support for sustainable stormwater management and practical guidance for decision-makers in evaluating and selecting optimal LID allocations in large, complex urban areas.
Li et al. (Sun,) studied this question.