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This study aims to determine GDF15 levels in patients with autoimmune primary adrenal insufficiency compared to healthy controls and assess their associations with clinical parameters.

March 1, 2026Open Access

GDF15 in Patients with Autoimmune Primary Adrenal Insufficiency

Key Points

This study aims to determine GDF15 levels in patients with autoimmune primary adrenal insufficiency compared to healthy controls and assess their associations with clinical parameters.
Included 37 patients with autoimmune primary adrenal insufficiency and 47 healthy controls.
Measured serum GDF15 levels and various clinical parameters including anthropometrical and hormonal.
Conducted statistical analyses to compare GDF15 levels between groups and examine correlations.
Patients with primary adrenal insufficiency had significantly higher GDF15 levels than controls (1276.8 ± 952.1 vs. 682.8 ± 270.2 pg/mL, p < 0.001).
GDF15 levels positively correlated with age in both groups (p < 0.001).
In patients with PAI, GDF15 levels were positively correlated with disease duration and autoimmune thyroid disease duration, and negatively correlated with DHEAS and sex hormone levels.

Abstract

Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a stress-response protein that conveys cellular distress signals to the brain and activates neural pathways leading to weight loss. GDF15 levels are increased in glucocorticoid deficiency; however, multiple factors may influence its levels in patients with primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI). The objective of this study was to determine circulating GDF15 levels in patients with PAI compared with a control group and to assess their associations with other clinical parameters. We included 37 patients (22 females) with autoimmune PAI and 47 healthy controls. Serum GDF15 levels, together with anthropometrical, hormonal and biochemical parameters, were assessed. Patients with PAI had significantly higher circulating GDF15 levels than controls did (1276.8 ± 952.1 vs. 682.8 ± 270.2 pg/mL, p < 0.001). In both groups, GDF15 levels were positively correlated with age (p < 0.001). In patients with PAI, GDF15 showed positive correlations with disease duration and duration of autoimmune thyroid disease, gonadotropin levels, waist-to-hip ratio, and body fat percentage, and negative correlations with DHEAS and sex hormone levels. In conclusion, GDF15 levels are increased in patients with PAI compared with healthy controls and correlate with age and the duration of autoimmune disease.

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