Impact of batch seeding on the development of biological activated carbon filter for the simultaneous removal of organics, nitrogen, and emerging contaminants from secondary effluents

Key Points

• The BAC filter significantly reduces startup time, improving biofilm formation.
• Enhanced removal rates for organics, nitrogen, and various emerging contaminants are observed.
• Batch seeding accelerates microbial growth and enhances filter performance in wastewater treatment.
• The findings highlight the effectiveness of employing biological activated carbon filters in environmental management.