Geometry-driven immunomodulation in 3D-printed bioceramics: Negative curvature promotes macrophage M2 polarization via Ras-MAPK/HIF-1α signaling for vascularized osteogenesis

Key Points

• Macrophage M2 polarization is significantly enhanced by negative curvature in 3D-printed bioceramics.
• The Ras-MAPK and HIF-1α signaling pathways play crucial roles in this immune modulation process.
• Assessment using geometry-driven bioceramics allows for better vascularized osteogenesis than traditional methods.
• These findings may enable innovative strategies in biomedical applications like tissue engineering.