Properties, carbon emission calculation method and carbon reduction effect evaluation on composite cementitious materials containing vanadium–titanium iron ore tailings

Key Points

• Carbon emissions from composite cementitious materials can be calculated using a specific method.
• Using iron ore tailings enhances the properties of cementitious materials while reducing carbon footprints.
• The evaluation method shows a significant carbon reduction effect with the use of vanadium–titanium tailings over conventional materials.
• Environmental implications suggest that utilizing these materials may be a sustainable construction practice.