Vermiculite–bacterial cellulose–carbon nanotube/biaxially oriented polypropylene janus bilayer actuator for multi-stimulus photothermal, electrothermal and marangoni-driven amphibious soft robotics

Key Points

• The actuator shows effective multifunctionality under varying stimuli, enabling soft robotics applications.
• Key metrics indicate rapid response times and high adaptability across different environmental conditions.
• Assessment through experimental setups confirmed the bilayer structure's impressive capabilities in soft robotic systems.
• This approach may unlock new pathways in the development of amphibious robotic technologies, enhancing their operational efficiency.