Study on fire damage and spalling characteristics of highway tunnel linings based on a thermal-hydro-mechanical coupling model

Key Points

• Fire damage significantly affects the spalling characteristics of highway tunnel linings, altering safety measures.
• Observations indicate that fire can increase spalling rates by up to 50%, impacting structural integrity.
• Assessment using a thermal-hydro-mechanical coupling model allows for insights into material behavior under fire.
• This work emphasizes the need for updated safety standards in tunnel design, particularly in fire-prone areas.