Cold adaptation strategies of anammox bacteria and the bottleneck of nitrogen removal performance in autotrophic nitrogen removal process treating digested swine wastewater

Key Points

• Nitrogen removal performance is hindered by cold adaptation strategies of anammox bacteria, impacting efficiency.
• In cold conditions, nitrogen removal decreases significantly, making effective treatment challenging.
• Assessment of anammox bacteria in swine wastewater sheds light on critical adaptation mechanisms at low temperatures.
• Findings highlight the need for optimized processes to enhance nitrogen removal in colder environments.