Glycine Betaine Functionalized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Application Alleviates Salinity Stress through Osmotic, Ionic, and Antioxidant Regulation in Vigna radiata L

Key Points

• This study aims to assess how glycine betaine and zinc oxide nanoparticles can mitigate salinity stress in Vigna radiata L.
• Evaluated the effects of glycine betaine and ZnO nanoparticles on Vigna radiata under saline conditions
• Analyzed osmotic, ionic, and antioxidant responses to treatments
• Conducted comparative studies on plant growth and physiological parameters
• Glycine betaine functionalization enhanced the effectiveness of ZnO nanoparticles
• Plants treated with the combination showed improved osmotic adjustment and ionic balance
• Antioxidant responses were significantly elevated, indicating reduced oxidative stress