A narrative review on the psychological mechanisms and efficacy of music interventions for improving symptoms of patients with ADHD

Objective This study aimed to review the research progress on the use of music interventions for improving symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to clarify its potential mechanisms and clinical value. Method Using the keywords “music interventions” and “ADHD,” we systematically surveyed empirical studies published in the past decade and summarized evidence from four domains: neuro-mechanisms, attention, impulse control, and emotion regulation. Results Music interventions enhances sustained attention, reduces hyperactive and impulsive behaviors, and alleviates negative emotions such as anxiety and irritability by activating reward pathways, increasing inter-hemispheric brain synchrony, and modulating dopaminergic and noradrenergic function. Both active instrumental performance and passive music listening produce benefits, and combined use with cognitive-behavioral therapy can further improve efficacy. Conclusion As a safe, low-side-effect, and highly acceptable non-pharmacological approach, music interventions can effectively relieve core ADHD symptoms. Future studies should establish standardized and individualized protocols through large-sample randomized controlled trials to facilitate clinical translation.