Risk Factors and Awareness about Non-communicable Diseases Among Adolescents: A School-based Analytical Study from West Bengal, India

Abstract Background: This study aimed to evaluate and compare NCD awareness and associated risk factors among adolescents in rural and urban schools of West Bengal. Subjects and Methods: A school-based, analytical study was conducted from March to August 2021 in selected schools across three districts of West Bengal using a multistage sampling technique. A total of 320 adolescents (160 urban, 160 rural) were selected using probability proportional to size and simple random sampling. Data were collected using a pre-tested, validated questionnaire and standardised physical measurements. Awareness was assessed using an 8-item Likert scale. Risk factors, including dietary habits, physical activity, body mass index, waist–hip ratio and blood pressure, were evaluated. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS v20. Results: Urban students showed higher awareness of NCDs, including hypertension (100% vs. 88.6%), diabetes and coronary heart disease ( P < 0.001). Median knowledge scores were lower (better awareness) in urban students (10, interquartile range IQR: 8) than rural students (11, IQR: 7, P < 0.001). Rural students had higher overweight/obesity prevalence (26.9% vs. 14.4%, P = 0.008) and extra salt intake (27.5% vs. 12.5%, P < 0.001). Physical activity and fruit/vegetable intake were suboptimal in both groups. Conclusion: Urban students demonstrated better awareness, whereas rural adolescents showed a higher burden of modifiable risk factors. School-based programs, parental engagement and community surveillance are vital to prevent NCDs in adolescence.