The nervous system and the immune system are integral components of the tumour microenvironment, and neuroimmune mechanisms play critical roles in tumour metastasis, immune evasion and metabolic reprogramming. However, the relationship between the gut microbiota and cancer neuro-immunity remains poorly understood. This knowledge gap hampers our understanding of how these systems contribute to tumour progression and therapeutic resistance. This article systematically explores the interactions among the gut microbiota, the nervous system and the immune system in the regulation of tumour progression, with a particular focus on elucidating the pathways by which the gut microbiota and its metabolites modulate tumour phenotypes via neuroimmune mechanisms, and summarises the regulatory mechanisms through which cancer neuro-immunity shapes gut microbiota composition. Additionally, this article summarises the interplay between immunotherapy and cancer neuro-immunity, and explores the potential of microbiota-based interventions, such as faecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics, to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy through neuroimmune mechanisms.
Wang et al. (Sun,) studied this question.