These findings extend prior research on visual salience and redundancy in cockpit display design, offering empirical evidence that flickering frequency influences pilot performance. The results provide practical implications for cockpit instrumentation design. Jiang H, Wen M, Peng X, Yu X, Liu R. Pilot performance enhancement through flickering bars at varying frequencies in attitude indicators. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(4):249-256.
Jiang et al. (Sat,) studied this question.