The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report highlighted the critical connections between climate actions and sustainable development, including both synergies and trade-offs. Managing the trade-offs through policy design is strongly recommended and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are proposed as a basis for evaluating climate actions in the context of sustainable development. However, the level of the integration of the SDGs, particularly the social dimension of the SDGs, into climate policies (e.g. Nationally Determined Contributions NDC in G20 countries) is generally low, covering an average of 24 SDG targets. For Indonesia, only 20 targets were covered in the NDC. This indicates the importance of facilitating the integration of the SDGs into climate strategies. Based on a systematic review of six IPCC assessment reports conducted by using natural language processing techniques, we built a system model on climate-SDG interlinkages. The model was used to support the integration of the SDGs into the development of the long-term climate mitigation strategy in West Java and support relevant stakeholder engagement activities. Key economic, social, environmental and governance linkages with climate actions were identified in West Java. Key economic linkages include economic growth and stability and inadequate infrastructure. Key social linkages include access to basic services, including energy, water and education, as well as social and gender inequalities. Key environmental linkages include air and water pollution, deforestation and disaster risk reduction. For key governance linkages, rule of law, vertical integration of national and local governments and the enabling environment for business sectors, particularly the SMEs, were identified.
Zhou et al. (Wed,) studied this question.