Green synthesis of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles using Coriandrum sativum extract: Structural, magnetic, and antimicrobial properties

Cobalt ferrite (CoFe 2 O 4 ) nanoparticles were synthesized via a plant-assisted sol–gel auto-combustion route using Coriandrum sativum leaf extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. Structural characterization confirmed the formation of a phase-pure cubic spinel structure with an average crystallite size of 16.47 nm. Magnetic measurements performed using Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM) at room temperature exhibited saturation magnetization (Ms) of 169.5200 emu/g, remanent magnetization (Mr) of 72.2145 emu/g, and coercivity (Hc) of 881.7697 Oe, indicating stable ferromagnetic behavior. Antibacterial assessment using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method revealed inhibition zones ranging from 11 to 30 mm against the tested microbial strains. The enhanced antimicrobial response is attributed to nanoscale crystallinity and increased surface reactivity. The results demonstrate that Coriandrum sativum -mediated green synthesis offers a sustainable strategy for producing structurally pure and magnetically functional cobalt ferrite nanoparticles with potential biomedical relevance. • CoFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles synthesized via eco-friendly sol-gel auto-combustion using Coriandrum sativum leaf extract. • XRD confirmed a well-crystallized cubic spinel structure; average crystallite size 16.47 nm. • VSM analysis showed high saturation magnetization (Ms = 169.52 emu/g), remanence (Mr = 72.21 emu/g), and coercivity (Hc = 881.77 Oe). • Exhibited significant antibacterial activity in Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion tests. • Demonstrates a sustainable, plant-mediated green synthesis approach for functional and biocompatible nanomaterials