What question did this study set out to answer?

This research aims to explore black holes' properties through the U-Cell model, particularly regarding their temperature and horizon characteristics.

April 10, 2026Open Access

Black Holes as Substrate Sinks: Hawking Temperature and Acoustic Horizon from the U-Cell Model

Key Points

This research aims to explore black holes' properties through the U-Cell model, particularly regarding their temperature and horizon characteristics.
Application of U-Cell model to black holes
Derivation of flow dynamics at Schwarzschild radius
Analysis of surface gravity and Hawking temperature
Investigation of cell mode interactions at the horizon
Confirmed Hawking temperature of 6.2×10⁻⁸ K for solar-mass black holes
Established acoustic black hole behavior for sub-threshold modes
Identified distinct physical layers at the black hole horizon

Abstract

UCM Paper 37 (Theoretical). In the UCM, the substrate flow vflow = c√ (Rₛ/r) reaches the speed of light exactly at the Schwarzschild radius (Theorem 1, from Paper 35). This makes every black hole an acoustic black hole for sub-threshold modes: no cell mode escapes for r < Rₛ (Theorem 2). The surface gravity κ = c⁴/ (4GM) follows from the flow gradient, and the Hawking temperature TH = ℏc³/ (8πGMkB) follows from the Unruh effect applied to the substrate (Theorem 3) — reproducing the known result (6. 2×10⁻⁸ K for a solar-mass BH) without postulates. Two physical layers at the horizon: cell modes trapped, membrane phase free (→ Paper 38). UCM preprint series on Zenodo, ORCID 0009-0005-5088-4339.

Black Holes as Substrate Sinks: Hawking Temperature and Acoustic Horizon from the U-Cell Model

Key Points

Abstract

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