Key points are not available for this paper at this time.
An improved binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO) algorithm is proposed for the design of high-dimensional, multifunctional, and compact fragment-type antenna (FTA). First, orthogonal array-based initialization instead of randomized initialization is employed to uniformly sample the design space for better population diversity. Then, a new transfer function with a time-variant transfer factor is proposed to improve the problem of easily falling into local optimum in basic BPSO. Experimental results of the two miniaturized FTA designs show that the proposed BPSO exhibits better convergence performance than that of other published discrete optimization algorithms and can provide excellent candidates for the internal miniaturized antenna designs in wireless and portable applications.
Dong et al. (Thu,) studied this question.