Climate Change Impacts on Plant-Parasitic Nematodes in Agroecosystems

Climate change significantly impacts agricultural ecosystems through rising temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, increasing atmospheric CO2 levels, and more frequent extreme weather events. These environmental changes have a pronounced effect on plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs; phylum Nematoda), which cause serious crop losses on a global scale. This review aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of current knowledge on how major climate change drivers influence the biology, population dynamics, host–plant interactions, and geographic distribution of PPNs in agricultural systems. Recent studies show that rising temperatures accelerate nematode development, increasing the number of generations within a production season and facilitating the spread of many economically important species toward higher latitudes and elevations. Changes in precipitation patterns and soil moisture directly affect nematode survival, mobility, and infection success, and these effects often vary depending on regional conditions and nematode species. Elevated atmospheric CO2 levels modify plant–nematode interactions by increasing root biomass, altering rhizosphere processes, and regulating plant defense pathways (e.g., jasmonic acid and salicylic acid signaling), which may enhance host susceptibility and infection intensity. Furthermore, extreme climate events can disrupt the natural balance in soil ecosystems, weakening natural antagonist–nematode relationships. However, responses of PPNs to climate change are not uniform, and contrasting findings across studies indicate that these responses are strongly shaped by species-specific traits and environmental variability. In addition, future research should focus on long-term and multi-factorial field studies to better capture the combined effects of climate drivers. Overall, climate change is expected to increase PPN prevalence and drive shifts in their geographic distribution, highlighting the need for climate-sensitive and regionally adapted nematode management strategies.