April 23, 2026Open Access
Clinical recommendations for high altitude exposure of individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions
Key Result
High altitude exposure between 2500 m and 8000 m ensures life-sustaining oxygen delivery via increased pulmonary ventilation, cardiac output, and haemoglobin concentration.
Key Points
- The aim is to provide clinical recommendations for individuals with cardiovascular conditions exposed to high altitudes.
- Review of physiological responses to hypoxia including changes in ventilation, cardiac output, and vascular tone.
- Assessment of blood pressure and heart rate adaptations at various altitudes.
- Increased pulmonary ventilation and cardiac output are crucial for sustained oxygen delivery at high altitudes.
- Vascular tone changes and increased hemoglobin concentration contribute to managing oxygen levels during hypoxic conditions.
Structured PICO
P
Population
Individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions exposed to high altitude
I
Intervention
High altitude exposure (2500 m to 8000 m)
Provides clinical recommendations for managing patients with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions during high altitude exposure.
Abstract
Take home figureAdapted from Bärtsch and Gibbs2 Physiological response to hypoxia. Life-sustaining oxygen delivery, in spite of a reduction in the partial pressure of inhaled oxygen between 25% and 60% (respectively at 2500 m and 8000 m), is ensured by an increase in pulmonary ventilation, an increase in cardiac output by increasing heart rate, changes in vascular tone, as well as an increase in haemoglobin concentration. BP, blood pressure; HR, heart rate; PaCO2, partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide.
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Authors
Gianfranco Parati
Preventive Cardiology
P
Piergiuseppe Agostoni
Heart Failure & Transplant
B
Buddha Basnyat
Patan Academy of Health Sciences
Journals
European Heart Journal
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Actions
Institutions
University of Washington
University of Oxford
University College London
References and Citations
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