) for uterine and cervical cancer incidence, though CIs were wide, and an association with ER- breast cancers (HR = 1.16; 95% CI 1.03-1.30). There were also weak positive associations of gaseous pollutants in never smokers with colorectal cancer (sulfur dioxide HR = 1.08; 95% CI 1.01-1.16), kidney cancer (carbon monoxide HR = 1.17; 95% CI 1.00-1.37), and melanoma of the skin (ozone HR = 1.11; 95% CI 0.99-1.25). Overall, these findings indicate few positive associations of ambient air pollutants with cancer incidence beyond lung cancer. The observed associations were low magnitude and stronger in never smokers. Larger pooled studies are needed to validate these associations with rare subtypes and non-smokers, and cancer survival research is needed to clarify differences in mortality and incidence studies.
Diver et al. (Sun,) studied this question.