This paper presents the design and development of an IoT-based automated irrigation system that maintains uniform soil moisture across agricultural fields. The system integrates distributed soil moisture sensors, a microcontroller-based control unit, and IoT connectivity to regulate water delivery through solenoid valves and motor-driven pumps without requiring on-site human supervision. An active drainage subsystem prevents waterlogging when moisture exceeds safe thresholds. As soil conditions are constantly monitored, the system infuses water only when it must be and eliminates excess water when necessary. Using this method not only helps save water but also keeps the soil conducive for growing crops. The model is cost-efficient, scalable, and suitable for precision agriculture.
Misra et al. (Thu,) studied this question.