and a 9H,9'H-3,3'-bicarbazole-9,9'-diylbis(butane-4,1-diyl) diphosphonic acid (DCZ) SAM molecule, which facilitates hole extraction and improves perovskite crystallization. Consequently, the champion device with a 1.77 eV perovskite achieves a PCE of 19.24% and an open-circuit voltage of 1.31 V, retaining 80% of its initial efficiency after 380 h of continuous illumination at maximum power point tracking. Furthermore, this approach could be extended to perovskite systems with bandgaps of 1.68 and 1.58 eV, delivering impressive PCEs of 22.92 and 24.93%, respectively.
Ma et al. (Mon,) studied this question.